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During the Roman Republic, ''nobilis'' ("noble," plural ''nobiles'') was a descriptive term of social rank, usually indicating that a member of the family had achieved the consulship. Those who belonged to the hereditary patrician families were noble, but plebeians whose ancestors were consuls were also considered ''nobiles''. The transition to ''nobilitas'' thus required the rise of an exceptional individual, who was considered a "new man" (''novus homo''). Two of the most famous examples of these self-made "new men" were Gaius Marius, who held the consulship seven times, and Marcus Tullius Cicero. The Second Samnite War (326–304 BC) was a formative time in the creation of this ruling elite comprising both patricians and plebeians who had risen to power.〔E.T. Salmon, ''Samnium and the Samnites'' (Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 217.〕 From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian-patrician "tickets" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.〔Gary Forsythe, ''A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War'' (University of California Press, 2005), p. 269.〕 Scholarly attempts to define ''nobilitas'' have led to debates over the particulars of its usage in ancient sources. Fergus Millar points out that ''nobilis'' was a descriptive word as used in the Late Republic, and not a technical term for a restricted social group in the sense of peerage. Matthias Gelzer〔Matthias Gelzer, ''Die Nobilität der römischen Republik'' (1912).〕 held that the term was reserved for descendants of consuls, and therefore reckoned that Munatius Plancus, consul designate for 42 BC,〔Designated by Julius Caesar while ''dictator''.〕 was the last man to qualify as an ancestor for a ''nobilis''.〔Matthias Gelzer, in ''Hermes'' 50 (1915) 395ff., as noted by Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'' p. 51, observing that "the notion was peculiar and vulnerable."〕 P.A. Brunt,〔P.A. Brunt, "''Nobilitas'' and ''novitas''," ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 72 (1982) 1–17.〕 building on the view of Theodor Mommsen, assembled evidence of broader usage that suggests any curule office might grant the aura of ''nobilitas''. The term is not found in the literature of the mid-Republic, and came into use long after the social and political changes that created "noble" plebeians.〔Fergus Millar, "The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B.C.," as reprinted in ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 126 (online ), originally published in ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 74 (1984) 1–19.〕 During the time of Augustus, a ''nobilis'' enjoyed easier access to the consulship, with a lowered age requirement perhaps set at 32. Women who descended from Augustan consuls are also regarded as belonging to the Roman nobility.〔Ronald Syme, ''The Augustan Aristocracy'' (Oxford University Press, 1989, 2nd ed.), pp. 50–52 (online. )〕 In the usage of Tacitus and Pliny ''Minor'',〔Pliny, ''Panegyricus Traiani'' 69.5: ''illos ingentium virorum nepotes, illos posteros libertatis'' ("those grandsons of outsized men, those descendants of liberty").〕 a ''nobilis'' is a descendant of the Republican aristocracy. The meaning of ''nobilis'' then evolved during the Imperial period. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nobiles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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